Anatomy – Meaning and Types
Anatomical Positions and Planes
Terms to describe locations
Homeostasis
Classification of humans
Levels of Structural Organization
Overview of Organ Systems
Integumentary System – Skin and its appendages
Structure of the Skin
Appendages of the Skin

Classification of Bones
Bone Tissues
Skeleton and Structure of Human Bones
Bone Joints
Movements in Human Body
Muscular System and Muscle Tissues

General Organization of the Nervous System
Histology of Neural Tissue
Neuron Structure and Classification of Neurons
The Brain
The Spinal Cord
Autonomic Nervous System

Major EndocrineOrgans
Hormones of the glands and their functionHormones of anterior pituitary
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Adrenal Glands-
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets
Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Sex hormones

Physiology – Meaning
Homeostasis
Cell
Body Fluid
Transport through cell membrane

Membrane Potential
Action Potential
Nerve Muscle PhysiologyStructure of Neurons
Classification of Neurons
Conduction of Impulses in Neurons
MusclesClassification of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle
Myofibril
Electrical Phenomenon & Ionic Fluxes
Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction
Neuromuscular Junction

Blood – Properties and Composition
Functions of Blood
Plasma ProteinComponents
Forms
Functions
HaemoglobinStructure
Factors affecting Haemoglobin
Physiological Types
Derivatives
Functions
Haemoglobin Breakdown
Blood CellsCompositions and Functions of RBC
Compositions and Functions of WBC
Compositions and Functions of Platelets
Haemopoiesis-
Meaning
Process
Stages of Erythropoiesis
Anemia – Types
HaemostasisStages
Blood Coagulation
Haemorrhagic Disorders
Blood GroupABO
Rh
Importance
BloodTransfusion
Lymphoid Tissue and Immunity

Functions of Heart
Passage of Blood through Heart
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Pacemaker and Conduction System
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Cycle
Heart Sounds
The Electrocardiogram (The ECG)
Blood Pressure

Organization of Respiratory System
Respiratory Divisions
Functions of Respiratory Tract
Functions of Respiratory SystemPulmonary Ventilation
Changing Alveolar Volumes
Pulmonary Volumes
Pulmonary Capacities
Minutes of Alveolar Ventilation
Transport of GasesPhysical Principles of Gas Exchange
Respiratory membrane
Oxygen and Carbon dioxide diffusion Gradients
Oxygen Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport

Components of GIT
Functions of Digestive System
Innervations of GITMouth (Oral Cavity)
Salivary Glands
Composition and Functions of Saliva
Mastication (Chewing)
Swallowing (Deglutition)
StomachComposition & Functions of Gastric Juice
PancreasComposition and Functions of Pancreatic Juice
Regulation of Pancreatic Juice Secretion
Gall – Bladder and LiverBile
Liver
Small and Large IntestineIntestinal Juices (Succus Entericus)
Movements of Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Digestion and AbsorptionDigestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
Digestion and Absorption of Proteins
Digestion and Absorption of Fats

Analytical Balance— An Introduction
Analytical Balance—Use and Maintenance

Standard SolutionsTypes and Use of Standard Solutions
Expressing Concentration of Solutions
Preparation of Standard Solutions
Dilution of Solution
Reagents—Formulation
Storage and safe Use of Chemicals and Reagents-
FlammableChemicals
Corrosive Chemicals
Toxic, Harmful and Irritating Chemicals
Oxidizing Chemicals
ExplosiveChemicals
Carcinogens
Strength Normality

Collection and recording of Biological specimens
Separation of Serum and Plasma
Preservation and Disposal of Biological Samples/materials

Chemistry of Carbohydrate:
Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates
Function of Carbohydrates
Properties of Carbohydrates
Metabolism of Carbohydrate

Meaning and definition of Proteins and Amino Acids
Classification of Proteins and Amino Acids
Function of Proteins
Properties of Amino Acids

Definitions of Lipids
Classification of Lipids
Function of Lipid

Instruments and Glassware used in Pathological Laboratories
Cleaning, Disinfection & Sterilization
Preparation of Stains

Methods of Blood Sample Collection
Anticoagulants used in tests and preservation
Shelf life of Blood

Normal morphologyCount
Blood Count
Platelet Morphology and Platelet Count
Anemia –Meaning
Types and Classification
Characteristics and their feature
Clinical investigation for Anemia

Functions of Blood
Haemostatis

RBC count (Red blood cell count),
HB estimation (hemoglobin estimation),
WBC count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
Reticulocyte count,
Determination of bleeding time (BT), clotting time (CT), and prothrombin time (PT)
Blood indices

Stains used in Hematology
Preparation of Buffy coat smears

RBC morphology & Normal and Abnormal hypochromia
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Schilling test
Serum iron and iron binding capacity
Screening for sickle cell anemia

Laboratory investigations of blood parasites
Test of L.E. cell.

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Hand book of Blood Transfusion Therapy. Author: J.A.F. Napier. Publisher : John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, England
B. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine Basic Principles and practice. Author : Christopher D.,
Hill Yeretal. Publishers : Churchile Livingstone, Philadelphia.
C. Test book of Blood Transfusion Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Author : Sallyv. Rhdman.
Publisher: W.B. Sauders Company, Philadelphia.

Microbiology- Definition and History
Safety Measures in Microbiology Laboratory
Care and Maintenance of Laboratory Equipments

Structure of Bacteria
Use of Microscope in the study of Bacteria

Growth RequirementsSources for Carbon andEnergy
Source of Nitrogen
Source of Hydrogen and Oxygen
Source of Calcium
Source of Water
Source of Minerals
Environmental Factors affecting growthThe Effect of Oxygen
The Effect of pH on Growth
The Effect of Temperature on Growth
Effect of Carbon Dioxide
Effect of Osmotic Pressure
Bacterial GrowthBacterial Cell Division
Generation Time
Bacterial Growth Curve

Definitions
Methods of Sterilization
Physical methods of sterilization
Sunlight
Drying
Heat
Radiation
Filtration
Chemical methods of sterilization

Immunity
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Immunity vaccines and types
Serological Tests – Principles and interpretations
Widal Test
VDRL Test
ASLO Test
CRP Test
RF Test
ELISA

A. Microbiology: An Introduction, 9/E Tortora Publisher Pearson Education India, 2008
B. Essentials of Medical Microbiology by Bhatia Rajesh, Ichhpujani Rattan LalJAYPEEDIGITAL

Introduction to apparatus, Instruments and uses of chemical balance, Calculation of
molecular weights and Equivalent weights.
Preparation of solutions- Preparation of normal solution, Molar solutions, Percentage
solution and reagents, Dilution techniques, Measurements of hydrogen ion concentration
qualitative analysis, Identification of carbohydrates, Proteins and substances of biochemical
importance.
Demonstration of colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Perimeter, Single pan balance
Specimen- Specimen collection, Identification, Transport, Delivery and Preservation
Patient preparation for tests.
Disposal regulations, Workplace hazards.

Anticoagulants and Preservatives
Regulations and precautions regarding transport of biological specimens
Preparation of high quality water, pH determination, Preparation of buffers and
determination of pH
Measurement of radioactivity
Practical related to solvent extraction, Partition coefficient, Dialysis, Concentration,
Desalting and ultracentrifugation
Calibration of equipments and laboratory wares
Photometry- Familiarization and usage of Colorimetry, Specterophotometry, Fluorimetry,
Flame photometry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Nephelometry, Osmometry,
Chemiluminesence ,ion selective electrodes, Flowcytometry
Chromatography- Paper, Thin layer, Gel filtration, Ion exchange, HPLC, GLC, Separation
of various sugars, Amino acids, Lipids, Drugs toxins etc. Urine aminogram.

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Textbook of Practical Biochemistry By Joshi A.Rashmi
B. Principles & Techniques of Practical Biochemistry ByKeith Wilson

Pathology Laboratory- Aim, basis, Interpretation, Safety in clinical pathology laboratory,
Laboratory organization.
Instruments, Glassware’s, Cleaning of glassware
Sample collection and Specimen labeling
Routine test, Anticoagulants, Reagents, Isotonic solution, Standardization methods.
Preparation of solution and Interpretation of result, Normal values.
Basic requirements for hematology laboratory
Complete Blood Counts, Determination of Hemoglobin, TRBC Count by Hemocytometers,
TLC by Hemocytometer.

Differential Leukocyte count, Determination of Platelet count, Determination of ESR by
wintrobes method , Determination of ESR by Westergerent’s method, Determination of
PCV by Wintrobes tube, Erythrocyte Indices – MCV, MCH, MCHC, Reticulocyte count,
Absolute Eosinophil count, Morphology of Red Blood Cells, BT and CT, PT (prothrombin)
time, Demonstration of (MP), Malaria Parasite

Bone marrow smears preparation and staining procedure – Demonstration, ABO Blood
grouping, Rh typing and cross match, Performance of direct and indirect coombs test, Red
cell agglutination test (screening Paul bunnel test), Blood donor selection and screening,
Blood collection and preservation, Principle of clearing and preparing transfusion bottle and
tubing sets – Preparation and Transfusion reaction and their investigations.

Blood Bank Administration, Record Keeping, Computerization in Blood Transfusion
services, ABO Blood grouping, Rh typing various techniques, Cross Matching, Tube test,
Slide Test, Du Test, Sub Grouping Test, Coombs Test, Direct coombs test, Indirect coombs
test, Compatibility Testing for blood transfusion cross matching test, 5% cell suspension and
10% cell suspensions, HIV and AIDS demonstration

Urine Routine examination normal / abnormal constituents of urine, C.S.F. and other body
fluids examination, Semen Analysis, Sputum test, Different types of blood test, Stool
Routine examination.

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. The language of pathology: an introduction to medical terminology and the nature of disease by
Glyndwr Walters
B. Mini Atlas Pathology: 2007 By Harsh Mohan-JaypeeBrothers

Compound Microscope
Demonstration and Sterilization of Equipments – Hot Air oven, Autoclave, Bacterial filters.
Demonstration of commonly used Culture Media- Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar, Blood agar,
Chacolate agar, Mac conkey medium, LJ media, Robertson Cooked meat media, Potassium,
Tellurite media with growth, Mac with LF & NLF, NA with staph.

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. http://www.cuteri.eu/microbiologia/manuale_microbiologia_pratica.pdf
B. Practical Microbiology byVasanthakumari BI Publications Pvt Ltd, 2009

Biotic and Abiotic environment, Adverse effects of Environmental Pollution, Control
Strategies, Various Acts and Regulation

Water Quality Standards for potable water, Surface and underground water sources,
Impurities in water and their removal, Denomination, Adverse effects of domestic waste
water and industrial effluent to surface water sources, Eutrophication of lakes, Self
purification of steams.

Sources of air contaminations, Adverse effects on human health, Measurement of air quality
standards and their permissible limits, Measure to check air pollution, Greenhouse effect,
Global warming, Acid rain, Ozone depletion

Introduction to Bio-Medical Waste, Types of Bio-Medical Waste, Collection of BioMedical Waste, Treatment and safe disposal of Bio-Medical Waste.

Introduction to Solid Waste, Its collection and disposal, Recovery of resources, Sanitary
land-filling, Vermin-composting, Hazardous waste management.

Soil Conservation, Land Erosion, Aforestation, Ecology Business of Species, Biodiversity,
Population Dynamics, Energy flow, Ecosystems

Sustainable development and life style, Urban problems related to energy, Resettlement and
rehabilitating of people, Environmental ethics, Consumerism and waste products,
Water Harvesting and Rural SanitationWater harvesting techniques, Different schemes of Rural Water Supply in Rajasthan, Rural
Sanitation, Septic Tank, Collection and disposal of wastes, Bio-gas, Community Awareness
and participation, Miscellaneous, Non-Conventional (Renewable) sources of energy, Solar
energy, Wind energy, Bio-mass energy, Hydrogen energy.

A. Paryavaran Shiksha. Author : Dr. A.N. Mathur, Dr. N.S. Rathore, Dr. V.K. Vijay.
B. Paryavaran Adhyayan. Author : Dr. Ram Kumar Gujar, Dr. B.C.Jat
C. Parayavaran Avabodh. Author : Dr. D.D. Ojha.
D. Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control. Author : S.S. Dora
E. Ecology concepts and application. Author : Manuel C. Muller.

Anatomy of Circulatory System
Anatomy of the Heart and Blood Vessels
Lymphatic System

Anatomy of Respiratory System
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Anatomy of Digestive System
Gross Anatomy of Stomach
Regions of Small Intestine
Regions of Large Intestine
Accessory GlandsLiver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas

Anatomy of Urinary SystemKidney
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Anatomy of Genital SystemMale Genital System
Female Genital System

Functions of Nervous System
Three VentriclesFunctions ofBrain
The Cerebrum
Limbic System
Functions of Basal Ganglia
Mesencephalon
The Cerebellum
Brain StemThe Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
Synapse and ReceptorStructure of a Synapse
Classification of Synapse
Synaptic Transmission
ReceptorsClassification of Sensory Receptors
Sensory System
ReflexesReflex Arc
Function ofReflexes
Classification of Reflexes
Ascending and Descending Tracts of Spinal CordGeneral Arrangement of both Tracts                               Ascending Tracts (Sensory)
Somatosensory Cortex
Descending Tracts (Motor)
Cerebrospinal FluidComposition of fluid
Formation of fluid
Circulation
CSF Pressure
Hydrocephalous
Functions of CSF
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Organization of the ANS
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Functions of Autonomic Nervous System

Functions of EyeThe Wall of the Eyeball
Vision
Visual Pathways to the Central Cortex
Refraction
Errors of Refraction
Colour Vision
The Mechanism of Hearing
Structure and Function of EarThe External Ear
The Middle Ear
The Internal Ear
Organ of Corti- The Receptor of Hearing

Functions of Skin
Body TemperatureRegulation of body temperature
Applied aspects

Structure of Kidney
The NephronsTypes of Nephrons
Functions of Kidney
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Renal Circulation
Formation of UrineGlomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
MicturitionMicturition Reflex
Cystomterogram
Diuretics
Artificial Kidney

Male Reproductive SystemPrimary Sex Organs – Testis
Functions of Testis
Functions ofTestosterone
Accessory Sex Organs
Female Reproductive System –
Functions of Ovaries
Accessory Sex Organs
Female SexualCycleThe Ovarian Cycle
The MenstrualCycle
Ovulation Tests
Pregnancy Test
Parturition and LactationStages of Parturition
Composition of Breast Milk
Advantage of Breast Feeding
Fertility Control-Contraceptive Methods

A. Varley – Clinical Chemistry. Author : William heinemann. Publisher: Medical books Ltd. and
inter science books in Newyork.
B. KALPLAN – Clinical Chemistry. Author: C.V. Mosoby Company. Publisher: St. Loie’s
Washington.
C. TEITZ – Clinical Chemistry. Author : William B. Publisher : Sainders Company Harcourt
(India)

Definitions of Nucleic Acids
Types of Nucleic Acids
Functions of Nucleic Acids

Properties and classification of Enzymes
Coenzymes and their characteristics
Factors influencing the rate of Enzymatic Reactions
Effect of Enzyme Concentration
Use of Enzymes as Reagents

Glycosuria of Blood Glucose Regulation
Glucose of Tolerance Test of Blood Glucose Regulation
Protein Metabolism of Blood Glucose Regulation

Urine- Physicochemical Characteristics andConstituents
Collection of Urine
Preservation of Urine Specimen
Measures of UrineProteinuria
Glucose
Ketone Bodies
Bile Pigments
Urobilinogen
Urobilin
Porphyrins
Haematuria
Calcium in Urine

Photoelectric Colorimeters
Flame Photometry
Beer’s Law
Systronic Colorimeter
Spectrophotometers
Clinicial Chemistry- Specimen Collection and Processing
Clinical Chemistry and Drug

A. Varley – Clinical Chemistry. Author: William heinemann. Publisher: Medical books Ltd. and inter
science books in Newyork.
B. KALPLAN – Clinical Chemistry. Author : C.V. Mosoby Company. Publisher : St. Loie’s
Washington.
C. TEITZ – Clinical Chemistry. Author : William B. Publisher : Sainders Company Harcourt (India)

Leukemia – Introduction and Classification
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Preleukemic Conditions
Hemophilia
Thalassemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Blood Poisoning

Osmotic Fragility
Investigation of G-6 PD deficiency
Test for sickling
Estimation of HB-F, Hb-A2
Plasma Hemoglobin and Haptoglobin
Demonstration of Hemosiderin in Urine
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Test for Auto Immune Hemolytic Anemia
Measurements of Abnormal Hb Pigments

Science of blood cell formation
Bone marrow Sites
Hematopoiesis,
Anemia introduction and classification
Megaloblastic Anemia,
Iron deficiency anemia and other Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia’s
Hemolytic Anemias I – Introduction and Classification
Aplastic Anemia
Anemia of chronic disorders Malaria
Bleeding disorders – Introduction and ClassificationCongenital Bleeding Disorders
Acquired Bleeding Disorders

Blood Group System
Blood Group Incompatibility—ABO, Rh & Systems
Cross Matching Test in emergency
Blood Bank
Preparation of BloodPreparation and use of whole blood
Blood components washedred cells
Plasma preparation
Blood Collection Procedure
Screening, Selection and Care of Donor
Medical Registration and Physical Examination
Transport and Storage
Risk assessment for AIDS and Serum Hepatitis

ABO
RH and others system of blood groups,
Bombay group.
Antibodies to ABO system
Anti AB and Anti D Antibody,
ABO Testing slides and tube test,
Rh grouping test and slide,

Reasons of Cross Match
Roles, formation and methods of checking followingsSaline
Albumin
Comb’s
Enzymes
Comb’s test

Analysis of Body fluids
Analysis of Semen
Sputum Analysis
Stool Analysis
Urine Analysis

A. Robbins Basic Pathology by Vinay Kumar, M.D., Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster-Elsevier Health
Sciences, 2012
B. Textbook of Pathology/ Pathology Quick Review and MCQs Harsh Mohan-JP

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Micrococci
Pneumococcus
Neisseria
Corynebacteria
Bacillus
Clostridium
EnterobacteriaceaeKlebsiella
Escherichia coli
Proteus
Salmonella
Shigella
Pseudomonas
Spirochetes

General ParasitologyHost parasite relationship
Classification of parasites
Protozoa
Helminthes
CestodesTaenia saginata
Taenia solium
Echinococcus
Hymenolepis Nana
TrematodesFasclola hepatica
Schistosoma
NematodesTrichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloides stercoralis

Morphology of viruses
Replication of viruses
Cultivation of viruses
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections

Classification of Fungus
Laboratory DiagnosisCollection and transport of Specimen
Direct Microscopy
Fungal Culture
Classification of Fungal DiseasesSuperficial Mycoses
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Systemic Mycoses
Opportunistic Mycoses

A. Practical microbiology – Prof. C.B. Baveja.
B. Clinical pathology & bacteriology – SachdevK.N.
C. Text books of microbiology – D.R. Area.
D. Text books of medical laboratory technology – PrafulGodgar.

Estimation of blood sugar, Glucose- Orthotoluidine and glucose oxidase methods, UreaDAM method and urease Berthelot reaction.
Serum Creatinine – Jaff’s method end point and kinetic analyses modes
Serum uric acid- Phosphotungstate method
Serum total proteins – Biuret method
Serum Albumin- Dye binding (BCG) methods
Serum Total Cholesterol- Modified Zag’s method and Enzymatic method
Serum Bilirubin- Malloy Evelyn Method
Vandengerg reaction- concept of Conjugated Bilirubin
Total and Conjugated Bilirubin estimations.

Aminotransferases – AST and ALT-Reitman Frnakel method
Phosphatases : Alkaline and Acid Phosphatases
King- Armstrong method ( Disodium Phenyl Phosphate) Bowers and Mc. Comb(4-
Nitrophenyl phosphate)
Serum Amylase: Amyloclastic method of van loon
Urine AnalysisMeasurement of specific gravity
Identification of Sugar Ketonebodies
Proteins, Blood, Bile salts, Bile pigments and Urobilinogen
Standardization of different methods for estimation of Glucose, Urea Creatinine, Proteins
and Transaminases
Standardization of pipettes and photometric instruments
Agarose gel and cellulose acetate electrophoretic separation of serum proteins, lipoproteins
and haemoglobins
Paper chromatographic separation of aminoacides and carbohydrates present in different
body fluids.

Oral glucoses tolerance test
Estimation of 24 hrs urine proteins by Turbidimetric method
Plasma fibrinogen estimation by Turbidimetric method
Plasma Prothrombin time estimation
Estimation of HDL-Cholesterol by Phosphotungstate method
Estimation/Demonstration of CPK, LDH, GGT, Lipase and G6PD activities in serum
Estimation of urine 17 – Ketosteroids and VMA, CSF analysis, Pandy’s and none-Apelt
tests
Estimation of proteins glucose and chlorides
Estimation of serum calcium and inorganic phosphate
Practice use of automated pipettes
Demonstration working with different auto analyzers
Practice of various quality control measures followed to maintain quality of the laboratory

Analysis of Normal Urine, Composition of urine, Urinary screening for inborn errors of
metabolism, Common renal disease, Urinary calculus, Urine examination for detection of
abnormal constituents.
Interpretation and Diagnosis through charts
Liver Function tests
Lipid Profile
Renal Function test
Cardiac markers, Blood gas and Electrolytes, Estimation of Blood sugar, Blood Urea and
electrolytes
Demonstration of Strips, Demonstration of Glucometer
Procedure for routine screening.

A. Textbook of Practical Biochemistry by Joshi A. Rashmi Publisher B. Jain Publishers, 2002
B. Practical Biochemistry, 2008 G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series
by Y. M. Shivaraja Shankara Jaypee Brothers Publishers, 2008

Introduction to Histo Pathology
Receiving of Specimen in the laboratory
Grossing Techniques, Mounting Techniques – various Mountants
Maintenance of records and filing of the slides
Use & care of Microscope
Various Fixatives, Mode of action
Preparation and Indication
Bio-Medical Waste Management
Section Cutting
Tissue processing for routine paraffin sectionsDecalcification of Tissues, Staining of tissues – H& E Staining

Cytology Pathology Practical
Morphology and Physiology of
cell Cytology of Female genital
TractUrinary Tract, Gastrointestinal Tract, Respiratory Tract, Effusions, Miscellaneous Fluids,
Collection, Preservation.
Fixation and Processing of various Cytological Specimen
Preparation and Quality control of various stains and reagents used in cytology
All routine and special Staining techniques in cytology
FNAC, Immunocytochemistry, Flowcytometry, Automation in Cytology.

A. PATHOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK For Undergraduates, Jaypee, by Harsh Mohan Paperback
B. http://medicalebooks-aslam.blogspot.in/search/label/pathology

Compound Microscope
Demonstration and sterilization of equipments – Hot Air oven, Autoclave, Bacterial filters.
Demonstration of commonly used culture media, Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar, Blood agar,
Chocolate agar, Mac Conkey medium, LJ media, Robertson Cooked meat media,
Potassium, Tellurite media with growth, Mac with LF & NLF, NA with staph, Antibiotic
susceptibility test.
Demonstration of common serological tests – Widal, VRDL, ELISA, Grams staining, Acid
Fast staining
Stool exam for Helminthic ova
Visit to hospital for demonstration of biomedical waste management
Anaerobic culture methods.

Collection and transport of specimens for diagnosis of parasitic diseases
Examination of faeces for parasite ova and cysts etc. by direct and concentration methods
(salt floatation and formol-ether methods).
Egg counting techniques for helminthes micrometry and mounting ofslides
Examination of blood for protozoa and helminthes bywet mount
Thick and thin stained smears
Examination of blood for Microfilariae including concentration techniques
Examination of other specimens eg. Urine , CSF, Bone marrow etc. for parasites.
Preparation & performance of stains –Leishman, Giemsa, Lugol’s iodine, Micrometry.
Identification of medically important adult worms
Identification of common arthropods and other vectors viz. mosquito, Sandifly, tick, mites,
Cyclops
Preservation of parasites-mounting, Flexing, Staining etc.

Collection of blood by venu puncture separation of serum and preservation of serum for
short and long periods.
Performances of serological tests, Bacterial slide agglutination, Widal, Pregnancy test,
ALSO, CRP, RF, Elisa, Skin tests.
Demonstration of Casoni’s test, MT test.

Virology Practical:
Preparation of glassware for tissue cultures (washing, sterilisation)
Preparation of buffers like PBS, Hank’s.
Preparation of clinical specimens for isolation of viruses
Collection & transport of specimens
Serological tests-ELISA for HIV & HBsAg etc
Chick Embryo techniques-inoculation and harvesting
Handling of mice, rats and guinea pigs for collection of blood
Molecular techniques in virology.

KOH & LPCB Preparation, Staining Techniques, Culture of Fungi, Slide Culture
Basic Identification techniques.

A. Practical Microbiology by Vasanthakumari BI Publications PvtLtd, 2009
B. http://www.cuteri.eu/microbiologia/manuale_microbiologia_pratica.pdf